Systemically impaired fracture healing in small animal research: A review of fracture repair models

Fracture healing is a complex process requiring mechanical stability, an osteoconductive matrix, and osteoinductive osteogenic biology. This intricate easily disrupted by various patient factors such as chronic disease lifestyle. As the medical complexity age of patients with fractures continue to increase, importance developing relevant experimental models becoming paramount in preclinical research. The objective this review describe most common small animal systemically impaired fracture used orthopedic literature including osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol use, obesity, ageing. will provide researchers summary current animals present overview methods induction for each condition.